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1 output-mirror transmission
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > output-mirror transmission
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2 output-mirror transmission
Бытовая техника: пропускание выходного зеркалаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > output-mirror transmission
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3 output-mirror transmission
English-Russian household appliances > output-mirror transmission
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4 output-mirror transmission
English-Russian dictionary on household appliances > output-mirror transmission
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5 transmission
1. n сообщение2. n пересылка3. n перевод4. n перенос; передачаmosquitoes are the only means of transmission of malaria — комары — единственные переносчики малярии
5. n прохождение; распространениеneutron transmission, transmission of neutrons — распространение нейтронов
6. n пропускание7. n тех. передача8. n тех. коробка передач9. n тех. трансмиссия; приводСинонимический ряд:1. broadcast (noun) broadcast; ham radio hookup; microwaves; radio broadcast; radio waves; simulcast; telecast; television broadcasting; transmitter frequency2. mechanism transferring power (noun) automatic transmission; drive train; five-speed; four-speed; gear box; gear shift; mechanism transferring power; planetary gears; stick shift3. transference (noun) carrying across; conveyance; delivery; transfer; transferal; transference; transmittal; transmitting; transplantation -
6 transmission
1. пропускание2. коэффициент пропускания3. передача -
7 optical transmission
1. оптическое пропускание2. оптическая передачаEnglish-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > optical transmission
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8 window transmission
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > window transmission
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9 window transmission
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > window transmission
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10 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
11 cavity
1) полость; впадина2) проточка, канал4) раковина, газовый пузырь; пора ( дефект отливки)•-
adjustable cavity
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air cavity
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aligned cavity
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beer-barrel cavity
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bimodal cavity
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bistable cavity
-
built-in cavity
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chip Fabry-Perot cavity
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circular cavity
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coaxial cavity
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collimated-output cavity
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concave-convex cavity
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concentric cavity
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confocal cavity
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contraction cavity
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corrosion cavity
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coupled cavities
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degenerate cavity
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disk stylus cavity
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dislocation cavity
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double-concave cavity
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double-gap cavity
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double-phase-conjugate cavity
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drain cavity
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duplex cavity
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edge-coupled cavity
-
elliptical cavity
-
elongated cavity
-
end cavity
-
exposure cavity
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externally driven cavity
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fixed cavity
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folded cavity
-
frequency-selective cavity
-
gas cavity
-
grain boundary cavities
-
grating cavity
-
guide cavity
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high-gain cavity
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highly regenerative cavity
-
integral cavity
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interferometer cavity
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iris-coupled cavities
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laser cavity
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lasing cavity
-
loaded cavity
-
lossless cavity
-
lossy cavity
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low-loss cavity
-
magazine receiving cavity
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maser cavity
-
matched cavity
-
mechanical seal cavity
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microwave cavity
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mirrorless cavity
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mode-selective cavity
-
mold cavity
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multimode cavity
-
multiple-pass cavity
-
narrow-band cavity
-
optically coupled cavities
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output cavity
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parallel-mirror cavity
-
phase conjugate cavity
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pipe cavity
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plane-concave cavity
-
plane-parallel cavity
-
pumping cavity
-
pump cavity
-
reactor cavity
-
reentrant cavity
-
reference cavity
-
resonant cavity
-
ring cavity
-
seal cavity
-
seal leakage cavity
-
selective cavity
-
shrinkage cavity
-
single-frequency cavity
-
single-gap cavity
-
single-mode cavity
-
spacing cavity
-
temperature-compensated cavity
-
thermostatically controlled cavity
-
total-internal-reflection cavity
-
transmission-type cavity
-
tunable cavity
-
wavelength-selective cavity
-
X-ray cavity -
12 filter
1) фильтр || фильтровать2) светофильтр•-
absorbent-type filter
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absorbent filter
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absorbing filter
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absorption filter
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ac line filter
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ac supply filter
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acoustic filter
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acousto-optical filter
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activated carbon filter
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active filter
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active power filter
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adaptive filter
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adaptive notch filter
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additive color filter
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additive filter
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adjustable density filter
-
aerolescer pneumatic filter
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aerosol filter
-
agile filter
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air filter
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air-conditioning filter
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air-intake filter
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all-dielectric interference filter
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all-pass filter
-
all-pole filter
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all-zero filter
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ambient-light filter
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analog filter
-
analog postsampling filter
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analog presampling filter
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anion-exchange filter
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antialiasing filter
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antialias filter
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aperture filter
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ash-free filter
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attenuator filter
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audio band-pass filter
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auto filter
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automatic drain filter
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bacterial filter
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bacteriological filter
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bag filter
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balanced filter
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band split filter
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band vacuum filter
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band-elimination filter
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band-exclusion filter
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band-limited filter
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band-pass filter
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band-rejection filter
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band-selective filter
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band-stop filter
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bandwidth filter
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bath filter
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beacon filter
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beat-interference filter
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belt filter
-
bilithic filter
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binary filter
-
biological filter
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blanket filter
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blue filter
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branching filter
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bridge filter
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broadband filter
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Butters filter
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Butterworth filter
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bypass filter
-
bypass hydraulic filter
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candle filter
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canonical recursive filter
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capacitive filter
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capacitor filter
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cartridge filter
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cation-exchange filter
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Cauer filter
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cavity band-pass filter
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cavity filter
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cavity-coupled filter
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centrifugal air filter
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centrifugal filter
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centrifugal oil filter
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ceramic filter
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channel bank filter
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channel filter
-
channel separating filter
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channel television filter
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Chebyshev filter
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chirp filter
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choke filter
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chroma filter
-
chrominance notch filter
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click filter
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clogged filter
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cloth filter
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clutter suppression filter
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clutter filter
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C-message filter
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coalescing filter
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coarse filter
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coarse fuel filter
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coarse-grained filter
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coarse-mesh filter
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coaxial direct coupled resonator filter
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coaxial filter
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color filter
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color-balancing filter
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color-compensating filter
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color-correcting filter
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color-encoding filter
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color-separation filter
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color-stripe filter
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color-subcarrier notch filter
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color-trimming filter
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comb filter
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combined fuel filter
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compensating filter
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compensation filter
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contact filter
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continuously variable filter
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convolution filter
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correcting filter
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correction filter
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cross coupling filter
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crystal filter
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cyan filter
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dark-room filter
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dechirping filter
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decimation filter
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decision-feedback filter
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decoupling filter
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deemphasis filter
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deer-skin filter
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dehydrator filter
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delay-line filter
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depth filter
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detarring filter
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dewatering filter
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dielectric filter
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dielectric resonator filter
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diesel and fuel-oil filter
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digital elliptic filter
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digital filter
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digital matched filter
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digitally controlled filter
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discrete filter
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discrete-time linear filter
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discrimination filter
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disk filter
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disk vacuum filter
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dispersion filter
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dispersive filter
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disposable element filter
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disposable hydraulic filter
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distributed-constant filter
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distributed-element filter
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Doppler filter
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downward-flow filter
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drainage filter
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drum filter
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drum vacuum filter
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dry electrical filter
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dry filter
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drying filter
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dual hydraulic filter
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dual-split filter
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duplex filter
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dust filter
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easy-off filter
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edge-type disk filter
-
effects filter
-
electric filter
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electromechanical filter
-
electronically tunable filter
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elimination filter
-
elliptic filter
-
enhancement filter
-
enlarging filter
-
envelope filter
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equalized filter
-
equiripple filter
-
externally mounted filter
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extraripple filter
-
fabric filter
-
fan filter
-
feedback filter
-
feedthrough filter
-
ferrite-tunable filter
-
fiberglass filter
-
fibrous filter
-
film filter
-
final filter
-
fine fuel filter
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finite-duration impulse-response filter
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finite impulse-response filter
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fixed target rejection filter
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fixed-frequency filter
-
fixed filter
-
float drain filter
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fog filter
-
frequency filter
-
frequency-selective filter
-
front-end filter
-
fuel filter
-
fuel primary filter
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full-flow filter
-
full-flow powdered ion-exchange filter
-
Gaussian filter
-
gauze filter
-
gelatin filter
-
generating filter
-
glass filter
-
glovebox filter
-
graded filter
-
gravel filter
-
gravel packed filter
-
gravel-sand filter
-
gravitation filter
-
gravity filter
-
gray filter
-
grease filter
-
guard filter
-
gyrator filter
-
harmonic filter
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H-cation filter
-
heat filter
-
heavy oil filter
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HEPA filter
-
high-cut filter
-
high-frequency filter
-
high-pass filter
-
high-pressure filter
-
high-rate filter
-
high-temperature filter
-
holographic filter
-
hose air-jet filter
-
hose pressure filter
-
hose suction filter
-
hot filter
-
hum-eliminating filter
-
hum filter
-
hydraulic filter
-
I filter
-
IIR filter
-
image-deblurring filter
-
image-reflection filter
-
impingement filter
-
inductive filter
-
infinite-duration impulse-response filter
-
infinite impulse-response filter
-
infrared filter
-
in-line filter
-
input filter
-
insert filter
-
intake filter
-
in-tank filter
-
integral oil filter
-
integrate-and-dump filter
-
integrating filter
-
interdigital filter
-
interference filter
-
intermediate-frequency filter
-
interpolation filter
-
inverse filter
-
inverted filter
-
ion-exchange filter
-
isolation filter
-
jet filter
-
Kalman filter
-
keying filter
-
ladder-type filter
-
ladder filter
-
lag filter
-
lattice filter
-
leapfrog filter
-
light filter
-
line filter
-
linear filter
-
loop filter
-
low-cut filter
-
low-frequency filter
-
low-pass filter
-
low-pass sampling filter
-
low-pass zonal filter
-
low-pressure filter
-
low-rate filter
-
L-type hydraulic filter
-
lubrication filter
-
lumped-constant filter
-
lumped-element filter
-
magnetic filter
-
mandrel wrap filter
-
mantle filter
-
mash filter
-
mass filter
-
matched filter
-
matching filter
-
maximal ripple filter
-
maximally-flat filter
-
mechanical-wave filter
-
mechanical filter
-
membrane filter
-
meshwire filter
-
mesh filter
-
metal disk fuel filter
-
micronic filter
-
microstrip filter
-
microwave filter
-
millipore filter
-
mineral filter
-
minimum-delay filter
-
minimum-phase filter
-
mirror filter
-
mismatched filter
-
mist filter
-
mode filter
-
modular hydraulic filter
-
modulation filter
-
monopole mass filter
-
mosaic filter
-
multibag filter
-
multiband filter
-
multicavity microwave filter
-
multiple resonator filter
-
multisection filter
-
multistage filter
-
narrow-band filter
-
neutral-density filter
-
neutral filter
-
neutralizing filter
-
never stop filter
-
night filter
-
noise filter
-
nonclogging filter
-
nonlinear filter
-
nonminimum phase filter
-
nonrecursive filter
-
North matching filter
-
notch filter
-
nutsch filter
-
octave filter
-
oil bath filter
-
oil filter
-
oil-bath air filter
-
one-pole filter
-
on-line installable filter
-
optical filter
-
output filter
-
outside-in filter
-
pack filter
-
paper filter
-
partial flow filter
-
partial flow hydraulic filter
-
pass-band filter
-
passive filter
-
percolating filter
-
percolation filter
-
phase filter
-
pilot filter
-
pipeless filter
-
pi-section filter
-
plate-type filter
-
plate filter
-
plugged filter
-
polarization filter
-
polarizing filter
-
polaroid filter
-
pole-zero filter
-
porous metal filter
-
postdigitizing filter
-
postemphasis filter
-
postequalization filter
-
postsampling filter
-
powder filter
-
power-line filter
-
precoat filter
-
prediction filter
-
predictive-error filter
-
predigitizing filter
-
preliminary filter
-
presampling filter
-
pressure filter
-
pressure line filter
-
primary filter
-
prime filter
-
programmable filter
-
proportional filter
-
psophometric filter
-
pulse-compression filter
-
pulse-jet filter
-
purified-helium dust filter
-
Q filter
-
quad filter
-
quadrature mirror filter
-
quadrupole mass filter
-
quartz filter
-
quick removal filter
-
rapid filter
-
reconstruction filter
-
rectifier filter
-
recursive filter
-
rejection filter
-
repulp filter
-
resonant filter
-
return filter
-
return oil filter
-
reverse filter
-
RF filter
-
ripple filter
-
roll-off filter
-
rotary filter
-
safety filter
-
sampled-data filter
-
sand filter
-
SAW filter
-
scatter filter
-
screen filter
-
screw-in filter
-
scrubber filter
-
scrubbing filter
-
second order damped filter
-
secondary air filter
-
secondary filter
-
security filter
-
selective filter
-
self-aligning filter
-
self-blowing drum filter
-
self-cleaning filter
-
self-tuning filter
-
separation filter
-
sewage filter
-
shaping filter
-
sharp-cutoff filter
-
shunt filter
-
sideband filter
-
signal-separation filter
-
silica gel filter
-
sintered filter
-
sintered glass filter
-
sintered metal filter
-
smoke filter
-
smoothing filter
-
sniffing filter
-
softening filter
-
solid-state filter
-
spatial filter
-
spatiotemporal filter
-
sponge filter
-
standard-rate filter
-
star filter
-
state-variable filter
-
stop-band
-
streamline filter
-
striped-color filter
-
striped filter
-
strip-line filter
-
submersible filter
-
subtractive color filter
-
subtractive filter
-
suction filter
-
suppression filter
-
surface-acoustic-wave filter
-
swept filter
-
switched-capacitor filter
-
synchronous filter
-
synthetic fiber dust filter
-
tapped-delay line filter
-
telltale filter
-
textile filter
-
Thomson filter
-
through filter
-
throw-away filter
-
time-varying filter
-
toe filter
-
total filter
-
tracking filter
-
transmission filter
-
transparency filter
-
transversal filter
-
trickling filter
-
tricolor filters
-
trimming filter
-
T-type hydraulic filter
-
tubular cloth filter
-
tunable filter
-
tuned filter
-
two-stage hydraulic filter
-
ultraviolet filter
-
unmatched filter
-
vacuum filter
-
variable band-pass filter
-
variable density filter
-
variable filter
-
velocity filter
-
ventilation filter
-
vestigial sideband filter
-
video filter
-
viscous filter
-
voice filter
-
wadding filter
-
wash hydraulic filter
-
water filter
-
wave filter
-
waveguide direct coupled resonator filter
-
waveguide filter
-
wedge interference filter
-
weighting filter
-
weight filter
-
wet electrical filter
-
wet filter
-
whitening filter
-
wide-band filter
-
Wiener filter
-
wire mesh filter
-
wire screen filter
-
YIG filter
-
zero-memory filter
-
zonal filter -
13 resonator
- afocal resonatorresonator with phase conjugate mirrors — резонатор с зеркалами, обращающими волновой фронт
- anisotropic resonator
- annular resonator
- astigmatic resonator
- atomic resonator
- barrel resonator
- barrel-shaped resonator
- beam waveguide resonator
- bias-pin resonator
- buncher resonator
- butterfly resonator
- catcher resonator
- cavity resonator
- cesium atomic-beam resonator
- circular-disk resonator
- closed resonator
- coaxial resonator
- comb-line resonator
- composite resonator
- concave-mirror resonator
- confocal resonator
- crystal resonator
- cylindrical resonator
- dielectric resonator
- dielectric cavity resonator
- dielectric-loaded resonator
- dihedral optical resonator
- dispersive resonator
- dual-mode resonator
- electromechanical resonator
- electronically tunable resonator
- empty resonator
- extended-interaction resonator
- Fabry-Perot resonator
- ferrimagnetic resonator
- ferrite resonator
- ferrite-loaded resonator
- ferrite-loaded cavity resonator
- ferrite-post resonator
- ferroelectric resonator
- fiber-optic ring resonator
- flat-roof resonator
- F-P resonator
- gyromagnetic resonator
- gyrotropic resonator
- helical resonator
- Helmholtz resonator
- hemispherical resonator
- input resonator
- internal grating laser resonator
- laser resonator
- loaded resonator
- lossy resonator
- magnetostrictive resonator
- MEMS resonator
- MEMS-based resonator
- microelectromechanical system resonator
- microelectromechanical system-based resonator
- microwave resonator
- mode selective resonator
- multimirror resonator
- multimode resonator
- multiple-cavity resonator
- multireflector resonator
- open resonator
- optical resonator
- output resonator
- parallel-plate resonator
- parallel-plate cavity resonator
- parallel-wire resonator
- parametrically excited nonlinear resonator
- piezoelectric resonator
- planoconcave resonator
- planoconvex resonator
- plasma resonator
- plunger resonator
- Q-invariant resonator
- quartz resonator
- quartz-crystal resonator
- quasi-optical resonator
- reentrant resonator
- ring resonator
- rising-sun resonator
- rubidium gas cell resonator
- rutile resonator
- SAW resonator
- shear mode resonator
- SI resonator
- single-mode resonator
- spherical-mirror resonator
- stable resonator
- stepped impedance resonator
- stripline resonator
- stub resonator
- surface-acoustic-wave resonator
- telescopic resonator
- thickness mode resonator
- transmission resonator
- two-entry resonator
- two-port resonator
- unstable resonator
- vernier resonator
- waveguide resonator
- YIO sphere resonator -
14 resonator
- afocal resonatorresonator with phase conjugate mirrors — резонатор с зеркалами, обращающими волновой фронт
- anisotropic resonator
- annular resonator
- astigmatic resonator
- atomic resonator
- barrel resonator
- barrel-shaped resonator
- beam waveguide resonator
- bias-pin resonator
- buncher resonator
- butterfly resonator
- catcher resonator
- cavity resonator
- cesium atomic-beam resonator
- circular-disk resonator
- closed resonator
- coaxial resonator
- comb-line resonator
- composite resonator
- concave-mirror resonator
- confocal resonator
- crystal resonator
- cylindrical resonator
- dielectric cavity resonator
- dielectric resonator
- dielectric-loaded resonator
- dihedral optical resonator
- dispersive resonator
- dual-mode resonator
- electromechanical resonator
- electronically tunable resonator
- empty resonator
- extended-interaction resonator
- Fabry-Perot resonator
- ferrimagnetic resonator
- ferrite resonator
- ferrite-loaded cavity resonator
- ferrite-loaded resonator
- ferrite-post resonator
- ferroelectric resonator
- fiber-optic ring resonator
- flat-roof resonator
- F-P resonator
- gyromagnetic resonator
- gyrotropic resonator
- helical resonator
- Helmholtz resonator
- hemispherical resonator
- input resonator
- internal grating laser resonator
- laser resonator
- loaded resonator
- lossy resonator
- magnetostrictive resonator
- MEMS resonator
- MEMS-based resonator
- microelectromechanical system resonator
- microelectromechanical system-based resonator
- microwave resonator
- mode selective resonator
- multimirror resonator
- multimode resonator
- multiple-cavity resonator
- multireflector resonator
- open resonator
- optical resonator
- output resonator
- parallel-plate cavity resonator
- parallel-plate resonator
- parallel-wire resonator
- parametrically excited nonlinear resonator
- piezoelectric resonator
- planoconcave resonator
- planoconvex resonator
- plasma resonator
- plunger resonator
- Q-invariant resonator
- quartz resonator
- quartz-crystal resonator
- quasi-optical resonator
- reentrant resonator
- ring resonator
- rising-sun resonator
- rubidium gas cell resonator
- rutile resonator
- SAW resonator
- shear mode resonator
- SI resonator
- single-mode resonator
- spherical-mirror resonator
- stable resonator
- stepped impedance resonator
- stripline resonator
- stub resonator
- surface-acoustic-wave resonator
- telescopic resonator
- thickness mode resonator
- transmission resonator
- two-entry resonator
- two-port resonator
- unstable resonator
- vernier resonator
- waveguide resonator
- YIO sphere resonatorThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > resonator
-
15 heat
-
16 system
1) система2) устройствоАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > system
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17 continuous
длительный; продолжительный; непрерывный; сплошной; постоянный; неразрезной (напр. вал); незатухающий (напр. ток); поточный- continuous acceleration - continuous acoustical ceiling - continuous action optimization - continuous adjustment - continuous analyzer - continuous angle - continuous annealing - continuous annealing line - continuous approximation - continuous balancing - continuous braking system - continuous bucket ditcher - continuous bucket elevator - continuous butt-weld mill - continuous chain - continuous chain broaching machine - continuous chain conveyor - continuous chip - continuous circulation - continuous conditions - continuous contact - continuous control - continuous controller - continuous controller action - continuous cooling fin - continuous cooling transformation characteristics - continuous correction - continuous corrosion - continuous counter - continuous crack - continuous cruising speed - continuous cure - continuous current - continuous cut - continuous deformation - continuous delivery - continuous diagnosis - continuous dipmeter - continuous discharge - continuous distribution - continuous downhill brake performance - continuous drier - continuous drive - continuous drive gearbox - continuous drive transmission - continuous dryer - continuous duty - continuous duty rating - continuous dyeing - continuous dyeing machine - continuous electrode - continuous elevating and lowering system - continuous emission - continuous emission mode - continuous evacuation chamber - continuous exchange - continuous feed - continuous feed welding - continuous feedback - continuous feedback control system - continuous feeding - continuous fillet weld - continuous film - continuous floor - continuous flow - continuous flow calorimeter - continuous flow dampener - continuous flow irrigation - continuous flow pump - continuous flow system - continuous flowmeter - continuous flushing settling basin - continuous forces - continuous frame - continuous fuel injection system - continuous gas cycling - continuous gas delivery - continuous generation - continuous girder - continuous grade - continuous grades up and down - continuous handling equipment - continuous hardening - continuous hatch - continuous heating - continuous heavy-duty service - continuous hinge - continuous indication - continuous injection - continuous inspection - continuous interaction - continuous layer - continuous lift - continuous line bucket dredge - continuous liquid monitor - continuous load - continuous load rating - continuous longitudinal spring pressure - continuous lubricating film - continuous lubrication - continuous machine - continuous machine control mode - continuous machining operation - continuous maintenance - continuous measurement - continuous miner - continuous mixer - continuous mixing plant - continuous misfiring - continuous monitoring - continuous motion - continuous motion orienting-and-tapping machine - continuous oil circulation - continuous operating periodic duty - continuous operation - continuous oscillation - continuous oscillatory system - continuous output - continuous path mode - continuous path servorobot - continuous point contact - continuous potentiometer - continuous power - continuous power take-off - continuous processing line - continuous pumping - continuous range - continuous rate - continuous rating - continuous-reading indicator - continuous recharging - continuous recirculation - continuous release - continuous regulation - continuous resistance annealer - continuous reverse conducting current - continuous rheostat - continuous ring-type gear cutter - continuous roll-forming machine - continuous roller press - continuous rolling - continuous ropeway - continuous rotary miller - continuous rotation - continuous rotation electric drive - continuous electrical drive - continuous run - continuous running - continuous running duty - continuous sampler - continuous separation - continuous service - continuous shaking - continuous spar - continuous strand annealing - continuous stream degassing - continuous stress - continuous stringer - continuous strip sealing - continuous surface mirror - continuous synchronization - continuous system - continuous tooth formation - continuous tread -
18 Leonardo da Vinci
[br]b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.[br]Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.[br]Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.[br]Principal Honours and Distinctions"Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.Further ReadingE.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.LRD / IMcN
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